ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impacts of Human Factors on Willingness to Use Renewable Energy Sources in Iran and Morocco
Currently Iran and Morocco are going through an energy transition. Ambitious plans exist at international, regional and national governance levels to deploy renewable energy sources (RES), such as concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) solar power. These plans foresee deployment of RES to cover local growing energy needs, to diversify energy supply and to benefit from electricity trade. Even though the majority of MENA countries have favorable geographic conditions, namely, the level of solar irradiance, for deployment of solar projects, they are very diverse in terms of availability of fossil fuels, which might hinder deployment of RES projects. For instance, Morocco is covering almost 95% of its energy needs by imports at the same time as Iran is not only benefiting from availability of fossil fuels for local consumption but are also exporting fossil fuels to the global markets. The first question of this paper is trying to answer is how availability of fossil fuels for domestic consumption might impact the willingness of people in Iran and Morocco to use RES. And secondly how public acceptance of RES in general, and solar projects in particular effects the development of RES projects in this region. The methodological basis of this paper is formed by the case study method of two countries. It also includes different methods of elicitation of opinions and views to understand public acceptance and willingness to use renewable energy. By comparing Iran and Morocco we aim to understand to which extent availability of non-renewable energy sources in in these two countries influence perceptions of its inhabitants regarding RES energy.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47240_9199f4de766af5cd98f1f971aa0e0ab1.pdf
2017-05-01
141
152
10.22097/eeer.2017.47240
Concentrated solar power
Willingness to use renewable energy sources
Human factors of energy transition
Energy policy in Iran and Morocco
Nadejda
Komendantova
komendan@iiasa.ac.at
1
Risk, Policy and Vulnerability Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masoud
Yazdanpanah
2
Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Design of Mathematical Modeling in a Green Supply Chain Network by Collection Centers in the Environment
Nowadays, Economic systems play an important role in environment's field. Along with the rapid change in global manufacturing scenario, environmental and social issues are becoming more important in managing any business. Increasing pressures and challenges to improve economic and environmental performance have been caused developing countries in generally in particular to consider and to start implementing green supply chain management. Green Supply Chain Network Design and Management are an approach to improve performance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations. It is emerging as an important approach which not only reduces environmental issues but also brings economic benefit to manufacturers. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has a significant influence to reduce environment's risks. Choosing the suitable supplier is a key strategic decision for productions and logistics management on the supply chain management. The purpose of this study is to describe the GSCM, to determine the allocation of products between plants, collection centers as well as effect of GSCM to the system's cost is investigated. In this paper, GSCM with multiple and conflicting objectives such as reducing costs, increasing customer's level of service and increased flexibility (accountability), respectively by providing mathematical model for optimal allocation of manufacturing products to market demand. In the event of a problem return them to factory pays the collection centers. Also, Green Supply Chain Network Design that includes several manufacturing plants, collection centers, and production with the aim of minimizing the total cost of the chain to be considered.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47242_060892a02bfd60aa5728c96a03aae60a.pdf
2017-05-01
153
162
10.22097/eeer.2017.47242
mathematical model
Supply chain network design
level of customer service
Reduce costs
Green Supply Chain Management
Zhila
Dehdari Ebrahimi
1
Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Momeni Tabar
mohsenmt40@gmail.com
2
Department of Industrial Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramezani M., Bashiri M. and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2013). A new multi-objective stochastic model for a forward/reverse logistic network design with responsiveness and quality level. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37, 328-344.
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Alumur, S. A., Nickel, S., Saldanha-da-Gama F. & Verter, V. (2012). Multi-period reverse logistics network design. European Journal of Operational Research, 220, 67-78.
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Salema, M.I.G., Barbosa-Povoa, A.P. & Novais, A.Q. (2010). Simultaneous design and planning of supply chains with reverse flows: A generic modelling framework. European Journal of Operational Research, 203, 336-349.
5
Mutha, A. and Pokharel, S. (2009). Strategic network design for reverse logistics and remanufacturing using new and old product modules. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 56, 334-346.
6
Saffar, M.M., Shakouri, H. and Razmi, J. (2014). A new multi objective optimization model for designing a green supply chain network under uncertainty. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 6, 15–32.
7
Pishvaee, M. S., Rabbani, M., & Torabi, S. A. (2011). A robust optimization approach to closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 35(2), 637-649.
8
Pishvaee, M. S., and Razmi, J. (2012). Environmental supply chain network design using multi-objective fuzzy mathematical programming. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(8), 3433-3446.
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Pishvaee, M. S., and Torabi, S. A. (2010). A possibility programming approach for closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 161(20), 2668-2683.
10
Aydinel, M., Sowlati, T., Cerda, X., Cope, E. and Gerschman, M. (2008). Optimization of production allocation and transportation of customer orders for a leading forest products company. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 48, 1158–1169.
11
Hassanzadeh Amin, S. and Zhang, G. (2013). A multi-objective facility location model for closed-loop supply chain network under uncertain demand and return. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37, 4165–4176.
12
Wu, K., Tseng, M. and Vy, T. (2011). Evaluation the drivers of green supply chain management practices in uncertainty. International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation & Technology Management, 25, 384 – 397.
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Rajabzadeh Ghatari, A., Khodadad Hosseini S.H. and Shekari, H. (2012). Developing Factors of GSCM (Green SCM With) With Considering the Impact on Voice of Customers (Case Study Cable Industry), International Conference on Education, Applied Sciences and Management, Dubai (UAE).
14
Kumar, R. and Chandrakar R. (2012). Overview of Green Supply Chain Management: Operation and Environmental Impact at Different Stages of the Supply Chain, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 1(3), 2249 – 8958.
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Gilbert, S. (2000). Greening supply chain: Enhancing competitiveness through green productivity. Report of the Top Forum on Enhancing Competitiveness through Green Productivity held in the Republic of China, 25-27 May, 2000. ISBN: 92-833-2290-8.
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Torres, B., Nones, S., Morques, S. and Evgenio, R. (2004). A Theoretical Approach for Green Supply Chain Management. Federal University DO RIO GRANDE, Industrial Engineering Program, Natal-Brazil.
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Olugu, E.U., Wong, K.Y. and Shaharoun, A.M. (2010). A Comprehensive Approach in Assessing the Performance of an Automobile closed loop Supply Chain Sustainability. 2, 871-879
18
Large, R.O. & Thomsen, C.G. (2011). Drivers of Green Supply Chain Management Performance: Evidence from Germany. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 17, 176-184.
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20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dark Hydrogen Fermentation From Paper Mill Effluent (PME): The influence of Substrate Concentration and Hydrolysis
Paper mill effluent (PME) was used as an organic feedstock for production of biohydrogen via dark fermentation using heat-shock pretreated anaerobic sludge under mesophilic conditions. The influence of substrate concentration (5, 10 and 15 g-COD/L) and the initial pH (5 and 7) on the efficiency of dark hydrogen fermentation from PME were investigated. The highest hydrogen yield of 55.4 mL/g-COD was obtained at substrate concentration and pH of 5 g-COD/L and 5, respectively. By increasing the concentration of substrate from 5 to 10 and 15 g-COD/L, at fixed initial pH, the hydrogen production efficiency was reduced from 55.4 mL/g-COD to 38.5 and 32.7 mL/g-COD. Furthermore, by increasing pH from 5 to 7, biohydrogen efficiency was reduced up to 40.8%. Different hydrolysis of PME including acidic, acidic-thermal and alkaline hydrolysis prior to fermentation were studied which the alkaline hydrolysis led to the highest hydrogen yield of 62.2 mL/g-COD. Moreover, methane production efficiency of 569 mL/g-COD was obtained at substrate concentration and pH of 5 g-COD/L and 7, respectively. Paper mill effluent (PME) was used as an organic feedstock for production of biohydrogen via dark fermentation using heat-shock pretreated anaerobic sludge under mesophilic conditions. The influence of substrate concentration (5, 10 and 15 g-COD/L) and the initial pH (5 and 7) on the efficiency of dark hydrogen fermentation from PME were investigated. The highest hydrogen yield of 55.4 mL/g-COD was obtained at substrate concentration and pH of 5 g-COD/L and 5, respectively. By increasing the concentration of substrate from 5 to 10 and 15 g-COD/L, at fixed initial pH, the hydrogen production efficiency was reduced from 55.4 mL/g-COD to 38.5 and 32.7 mL/g-COD. Furthermore, by increasing pH from 5 to 7, biohydrogen efficiency was reduced up to 40.8%. Different hydrolysis of PME including acidic, acidic-thermal and alkaline hydrolysis prior to fermentation were studied which the alkaline hydrolysis led to the highest hydrogen yield of 62.2 mL/g-COD. Moreover, methane production efficiency of 569 mL/g-COD was obtained at substrate concentration and pH of 5 g-COD/L and 7, respectively.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47243_5ffd89327034e5a0cb5a887b67761f26.pdf
2017-05-01
163
170
10.22097/eeer.2017.47243
Biohydrogen
Dark fermentation
paper mill effluent
Hydrolysis
Elhamossadat
Vaez
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Taherdanak
m.taherdanak@ce.iut.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Zilouei
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
APHA. (1995). Standard methods for the examination of waste and wastewater, sixteenth ed., New York: American public health associations.
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Taherdanak, M., Zilouei, H. and Karimi, K. (2016). The effects of Fe0 and Ni0 nanoparticles versus Fe2+ and Ni2+ ions on dark hydrogen fermentation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(1), 167-173. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.110
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28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Habitat Simulation Technique as a Powerful Tool for Instream Flow Needs Assessment and River Ecosystem Management
Instream flow needs (IFN) assessment studies are performed to provide guidelines for stream water management and to assess the impacts of different water projects such as weirs, dams and stream diversions on the available fish habitat. The physical habitat simulation is one of the IFN assessment methods and also a powerful tool in management of river ecosystem that has not become a common method in many countries, yet. The main aim of the present research is representing the ability of habitat simulation technique in river ecosystem management. Delichai stream in Tehran province in Iran is selected as the case study. Based on the results habitat simulation technique has considerable ability for dynamic assessment of IFN and river habitat evaluation along the longitudinal and latitudinal cross sections and it can also present the spatial habitat suitability distribution in various months of the year dynamically. IFN assessment with habitat simulation technique has advantages related to other methods like that of the Tennant method and wetted perimeter method and creates the least discussion between river environmental managers and stakeholders. In the study stream of this research due to the variation of ecological condition for the target species, three different values for IFN in various months of the year were estimated and it was seen that the habitat near the stream bank requires more protection and restoration projects.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47244_9b767040dafcd82b69f81cc3f6d4e4ce.pdf
2017-05-01
171
182
10.22097/eeer.2017.47244
Instream Flow Needs
River Ecosystem
Habitat Simulation
Delichai stream
Physical habitat
Mehdi
Sedighkia
1
Water Structure Departement, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Ali
Ayyoubzadeh
ayyoub@modares.ac.ir
2
Water Structure Departement, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahboobeh
Haji Esmaeili
3
Water Structure Departement, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmadi- Nedushan, B., ST-Hilare, A., Berube, M., Robichaud, E., Thiemonge, N., Bobeea, B. (2006). A review of Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Aquatic Habitat Suitability for the Instream Flow Assessment. River Research and Applications, 22(5): 503-523, DOI: 10.1002/rra.918.
1
Behnke, R. J. (1979). Monograph of the native trouts of the genus Salmo of western North America. U.S. Fish Widl. Serv., Region 6, Denver, CO.
2
Bockelmann, B.N., Fenrich, E.K., Lin, B. and Falconer, R.A. (2004). Development of an ecohydraulics model for stream and river restoration. Ecol. Eng, 22: 227–235.
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Boussu, M. F. (1954). Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream. J. Wildl. Manage, 18(2): 229-239.
4
Bovee, K. D. (1982). A guide to stream habitat analysis using the instream flow incremental methodology. Instream Flow Information Paper 12, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Co: Fort Collins.
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Bovee, K. D. (1986). Development and Evaluation of Habitat Suitability Criteria for Use in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Instream Flow Information Paper 21. Biological Report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Co: Fort Collins.
6
Calhoun, A. J. (1944). The food of the black-spotted trout in two Sierra Nevada lakes. California Fish and Game, 30(2): 80-85.
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Christopher, J., G. and Stewardson, M. J. (1998). Use of wetted perimeter in defining minimum environmental flows. Regul. Rivers: Res. Mgmt, 14: 53–67.
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Dauwalter, D.C. and Rahel, F.J. (2008). Distribution modelling to guide stream fish conser-vation: an example using the mountain sucker in the Black Hills National Forest, USA. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst, 18: 1263–1276, DOI: 10.1002/aqc.940.
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Everest, F. H. (1973). Ecology and management of summer steelhead in the Rogue River. Fish. Res. Rep. 7, Oregon State Game Comm.
10
Grafton, R. Q. (2012). Global insights into water, climate change and governance from the Colorado, Murray, Orange and Yellow Rivers. Nat. Clim. Change, 3: 315–321.
11
Griffith, J. S. (1972). Comparative behavior and habitat utilization of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in small streams in northern Idaho. J. Fish. Res. Board Can, 29(3): 265-273, DOI: 10.1139/f 72-045.
12
Hajiesmaeili, M. (2014). Effect of Flow Hydraulic Parameters on Rainbow Trout in the River using Physical Habitat Simulation Model (PHABSIM). M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of water structures engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
13
Hajiesmaeili, M., Ayyoubzadeh, S. A., Sedighkia, M. and Kalbassi, M. R. (2014). Physical Habitat Simulation of Rainbow Trout in Mountainous Streams of Iran. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, JBES, 5(4): 497-503.
14
Horner, N. and T. C. Bjornn. (1976). Survival, behavior, and density of trout and salmon fry in streams. Univ. of Idaho, For. Wildl. Exp. Stn.
15
Jowett, I. G. (1997). Instream Flow Methods: A Comparison of Approaches. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 13: 115-127, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646.
16
Lea, R. N. (1968). Ecology of the Lahontan cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki henshawi, in Independence Lake, California. M.A. Thesis, Univ. California, Berkeley.
17
Logez, M. and Pont, D. (2011). Development of metrics based on fish body size and speciestraits to assess European coldwater streams. Ecol. Indic, 11: 1204–1215.
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MacCrimmon, H. R. (1971). World distribution of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can, 28: 663-704, DOI:10.1139/f71-098.
19
Milhouse, R. T., Waddle, T. J. (2012). Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) Software for Windows (v.1.5.1). USGS Fort Collins Science Center, Co: Fort Collins.
20
Miller, R. B. (1957). Permanence and size of home territory in stream-dwelling cutthroat trout. J. Fish. Res. Board Can, 14(5): 687-691, DOI: 10.1139/f57-027.
21
Naiman R. J., Bunn S. E., Nilsson C., Petts G. E., Pinay G. and Thompson L.C. (2002). Legitimizing fluvial ecosystems as users of water: an overview. Environmental Management, 30: 455–467.
22
Newson, M.D., Large, R.G. (2006). Natural rivers, hydromorphological quality and river restoration: a challenging new agenda for applied geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31, 1601–1624, DOI: 10.1002/esp.1430.
23
Poff, N. L., Richter, B. D., Arthington, A. H., Bunn, S. E., Naiman, R. J., Kendy, E., Acreman, M., Apse, C., Bledsoe, B. P., Freeman, M. C., Henriksen, J., Jacobson, R. B., Kennen, J. G., Merritt, D. M., O'Keefee, J. H., Olden, J. D., Rogers, K., Tharme, R. E., Warner, A. (2010). The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards. Freshwater Biology, 55: 147–170, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02204.x.
24
Price, D. G. and R. E. Geary. (1979). An inventory of fishery resources in the Big Sulphur Creek drainage. Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Dept. Eng. Res.
25
Raleigh, R. F. and Duff. D. A. (1980). Trout stream habitat improvement: ecology and management. Pages 67-77 in W. King, ed. Proc. of Wild Trout. Symp., II. WY: Yellowstone Park,
26
Raleigh, R. F., Hickman, R. C., Solomon, R.C. and Nelson, P. C. (1984). Habitat Suitability Information: Rainbow Trout. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
27
Revenga, C., Campbell I., Abell, R., De Villiers P. and Bryer, M. (2005). Prospects for monitoring freshwater ecosystems towards the 2010 targets. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 360: 397–413.
28
Richter, B. D., Warner, A. T., Meyer, J.L. and Lutz, K. (2006). A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations. River Research and Applications, 22(3): 297–318. DOI: 10.1002/rra.892.
29
Sedighkia, M., Ayyoubzadeh, S.A. and Hajiesmaeili, M. (2014). Environmental Challenges and Uncertainties of Hydrological and Hydraulic Approaches for Environmental Flow Assessment in Streams of Iran. The 4th International Conference on Environmental Challenges and Dendrochronology, Sari, Iran. A-10-408-1.
30
Tennant, D. L. (1976). Instream Flow Regimens for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and Related Environmental Resources. Fisheries, 1(4): 6-10.
31
Tharme, R. E. (2003). A global prespective on environmental flow assessment: emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Research and Applications, 19(5-6): 397-441.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simulation of a New Hybrid Solar and Organic Cycle as a Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP) Unit in Off Design Condition
In this paper, using parabolic mirrors, a solar field was designed, which was related to a storage tank for a residential complex in the city of Tafresh located in the center of Iran. The design was performed for the existing oils: VP1, THERMINOL 66, THERMINOL 59. Finally, considering an organic cycle with R123 as working fluid and assuming a minimum length required for oil flow rate to reach a specified temperature, VP1 was selected both as working fluid and for the storage system. Position of single-effect absorption chiller in the outlet of the organic turbine in hot seasons for cooling and also using a condenser in cold seasons due to the lack of need for cooling provide the possibility of selecting two different working pressures in the cycle, which leads to increased storage in winter. The overall performance of solar cycle was calculated with variable electrical demand load of 63%. In off-design condition, on the longest day of the year, the considered cycle was shown to be able to uninterruptedly generate power, cooling, and heating for 20 h for hygienic purposes. Also, it could generate power and heating for 10 h and 50 min on average on the shortest day of the year.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47245_f6a9d8d4d6cbdc0b040eac12ef56f0e4.pdf
2017-05-01
183
194
10.22097/eeer.2017.47245
CCHP
solar
organic cycle
Storage
off-design
Mohammad
Ameri
ameri_m@yahoo.com
1
Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Mokhtari
2
Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Dudley, V.E., Kolb, G.J. and Mahoney, A.R. (1994). Test Results: SEGS LS-2 Solar Collector. SAND94-1884. Albuquerque, NM: SANDIA National Laboratories.
1
Karellas, S. and Braimakis, K. (2016). Energy–exergy analysis and economic investigation of a cogeneration and trigeneration ORC–VCC hybrid system utilizing biomass fuel and solar power, Energy Conversion and Management, 107: 103–113.
2
Yağlıa, H., Koça, Y., Koça, A., Görgülüb, A. and Tandiroğlu, A. (2016). Parametric optimization and exergetic analysis comparison of subcritical and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for biogas fuelled combined heat and power (CHP) engine exhaust gas waste heat, Energy, 111: 923–932.
3
Freeman, J., Hellgardt, K. and Markides, C. N. (2016). Working fluid selection and electrical performance optimization of a domestic solar-ORC combined heat and power system for year-round operation in the UK, Applied Energy. Corrected Proof.
4
Ungureşan, P., Petreuş, D., Pocola, A. and Bălan, M. (2016). Potential of Solar ORC and PV Systems to Provide Electricity under Romanian Climatic Conditions, Energy Procedia, 85: 584-593.
5
Ameri, M. and Jorjani, M. (2016). Performance assessment and multi-objective optimization of an integrated organic Rankine cycle and multi-effect desalination system Desalination. 392: 34-45.
6
Mokhtari, H., Ahmadisedigh, H. and Ebrahimi, I. (2016). Comparative 4E analysis for solar desalinated water production by utilizing organic fluid and water, Desalination. 377: 108-122.
7
El-Dessouky, H. T., Ettouney, H. M. and Mandani, F. (2000). Performance of parallel feed multiple effect evaporation system for seawater desalination. Appl. Thermal Eng., 20: 1679–1706.
8
Farouk Kothdewila, A., Norton, B. and Eames, P. C. (1995). The effect of variation of angle of inclination on the performance of low concentration ratio compound parabolic solar collector. Solar Energy, 55: 301-309.
9
Gnielinski, V. (1976). New Equations for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow. International Chemical Engineering, 16: 359–363.
10
Incropera, F. and DeWitt, D. (1990). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Third Ed. NY: John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11
Malika, O., Abdallah, K. and Larbi, L. (2013). Estimation of the temperature, heat gain and heat loss by solar parabolic trough collector under Algerian climate using different thermal oils. Energy Conversion and Management, 75: 191–201.
12
Tao, Y. B. and He, Y. L., (2010). Numerical study on coupled fluid flow and heat transfer process in parabolic trough solar collector tube. Solar Energy 84, 1863–1872.
13
Touloukian, Y.S. and DeWitt, D.P. (1972). Radiative Properties, Nonmetallic Solids. Thermophysical Properties of Matter, 8, New York, NY: Plenum Publishing.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Rural Solid Waste Management in Two Central Provinces of Iran
Solid waste management has been known to play an important role in public health and the environmental status of developing countries. Waste assessment can help researchers and governors in management programs and devising alternative plans in order to improve public health and economical savings. In the present study, statistical estimations regarding waste generation and type of solid wastes in central provinces of Iran has been provided. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Yazd are located in central regions of Iran, with an average waste production estimated at 0.507 and 0.293 kg/ca/day, respectively. Improper solid waste management continues to be a big concern in the region, with water contamination as its main consequence. High amount of putrescible material ratio showed the capability of bio-fuel generation in rural areas. The results of survey conducted among waste management experts showed that waste separation prior to collection is recommended as the most efficient method for managing waste collection in the area. This study could contribute to the body of knowledge enhancement by proposing a set of practical waste management strategies that would be beneficial in rural areas.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47246_36b72671784b64380c95a1652e9831e2.pdf
2017-05-01
195
206
10.22097/eeer.2017.47246
Rural waste management
Solid waste
Waste composition
Central regions of Iran
Rural Regions
Hossein
Vahidi
hosseinv65@gmail.com
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hossein
Nematollahi
2
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amin
Padash
aminpadash2003@yahoo.com
3
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Benyamin
Sadeghi
4
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Morteza
RiyaziNejad
5
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdoli, M. A., and M. Pazoki. (2014). Feasibility Study on Biogas Production Potential from Iran's Rural Biomass Sources. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 2(3): 102-105.
1
Abduli, M. A. (1996). Industrial waste management in Tehran. Environment international, 22: 335-341.
2
Abduli, M. A., Samieifard, R. and Zade, M. (2008). Rural solid waste management. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(4): 425-430.
3
Abduli, M. A. (1995). Solid waste management in Tehran. Waste management & research, 13: 519-531.
4
Abila, B. and Kantola, J. (2013). Municipal Solid Waste Management Problems in Nigeria: Evolving Knowledge Management Solutions. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 78: 313-318.
5
Alavi Moghadam, M. R., Mokhtarani, N. and Mokhtarani. B. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in Rasht City, Iran. Waste Management, 29(1): 485-489.
6
Bernardes, C. and Günther, W.M.R. (2014). Generation of Domestic Solid Waste in Rural Areas: Case Study of Remote Communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Human Ecology, 42(4): 617-623.
7
Chokouhmand, H. (1982). Energy recovery from incineration of Tehran municipal solid waste and its air pollution effects. Energy Conversion and Management, 22(3): 231-234.
8
Chongzhe, J., Yun, Z. and Runan, S. (2006). Charaters Investigation and Pollution Control of Typical Village Domestic Waste in Shenyang. Environmental Sanitation Engineering, 2.
9
Damghani, A. M., Savarypour, G., Zand, E. and Deihimfard, R. (2008). Municipal solid waste management in Tehran: Current practices, opportunities and challenges. Waste management, 28(5): 929-934.
10
Doležalová, M., Benešová, L. and Závodská, A. (2013). The changing character of household waste in the Czech Republic between 1999 and 2009 as a function of home heating methods. Waste management, 33(9): 1950-1957.
11
Fakayode, S. O. (2005). Impact assessment of industrial effluent on water quality of the receiving Alaro River in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Assessment and Management 10: 1-13.
12
Farzadkia, Mahdi, Jorfi, S Akbari, H. and Ghasemi, M. (2012). Evaluation of dry solid waste recycling from municipal solid waste: case of Mashhad city, Iran. Waste Management & Research, 30(1): 106-112.
13
Fathi, Habib, Zangane, A, Fathi, H., Moradi, H. (2014). Municipal solid waste characterization and it's assessment for potential compost production: A case study in Zanjan city, Iran. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(2): 39-44
14
Ghanami, Z., Amouei, A., Fallah, H., Asgharnia, H., Mohammadi, A. A. and Naghipour, D. (2013). Survey of Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in North of Iran (Babolsar city) in 2012. Health Scope, 2(2): 79-83.
15
Gunatilaka, A. (2006). Can EU directives show Asia the way?. Asia Water, 14-17.
16
Han, Z, Liu, D., Lei, Y., Wu, J. and Li, S. (2015). Characteristics and management of domestic waste in the rural area of Southwest China. Waste Management & Research, 33(1): 39-47.
17
He, P. J. (2012). Municipal solid waste in rural areas of developing country: Do we need special treatment mode?. Waste management, 32(7): 1289-1290.
18
Jafari, A., Godini, H. and Mirhousaini, S. H. (2010) Municipal Solid Waste Management in KhoramAbad City and Experiences. Journal World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 62: 198-203.
19
Lal, P., Tabunakawai, M. and Singh, S. K. (2007). Economics of rural waste management in the Rewa Province and development of a rural solid waste management policy for Fiji. Apia, Samoa: SPREP (2007).
20
Lorenz, H., Fischer, P., Schumacher, B. and Adler P. (2013). Current EU-27 technical potential of organic waste streams for biogas and energy production. Waste management, 33(11): 2434-2448.
21
Pakpour, A. H., Mohammadi Zeidi, I., Emamjomeh, M. M. Asefzadeh, S. and Pearson, H. (2014). Household waste behaviours among a community sample in Iran: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Waste Management, 34(6): 980-986.
22
Passarini, F., Vassura, I., Monti, F., Morselli, L. and Villani, B. (2011). Indicators of waste management efficiency related to different territorial conditions. Waste management, 31(4): 785-792.
23
Population repor, (2012). Statistical Center of Iran, http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=260
24
Rafee, N., Karbassi, A. R., Nouri, J., Safari, E. and Mehrdadi, M. (2008). Strategic Management of Municipal Debris aftermath of an earthquake. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(2): 205-214.
25
Samadi, M. T. and Morshedi, S. M. (2003). Evaluation of Physical Composition and Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rate of Hamadan (June 1999 May 2000). Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.
26
Taghipour, Hassan, Amjad, Z., Jafarabadi, M.A., Gholampour, A. and Norouz, P. (2014). Determining heavy metals in spent compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and their waste management challenges: Some strategies for improving current conditions. Waste Management, 34(7):1251-6.
27
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S. (1993). Integrated solid waste management: engineering principles and management issues. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
28
Tian, M., Gao, J., Zheng, Z., Yang, Z. (2012). The Study on the ecological footprint of rural solid waste disposal-example in Yuhong District of Shenyang. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16: 95-101.
29
UNEP (2003). Desk Study on the Environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.
30
Wu, D., Zhang, C., Lü, F., Shao, L. and He, P. (2014). The operation of cost-effective on-site process for the bio-treatment of mixed municipal solid waste in rural areas. Waste management, 34(6): 999-1005.
31
Yuan, H. and Shen, L. (2011). Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management. Waste management, 31(4): 670-679.
32
Zarate, M. A., Slotnick, J. and Ramos. M. (2008). Capacity building in rural Guatemala by implementing a solid waste management program. Waste management, 28(12): 2542-2551.
33
Zurbrugg, C. (2002). Urban solid waste management in low-income countries of Asia how to cope with the garbage crisis. Presented for: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Urban Solid Waste Management Review Session, Durban, South Africa.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Tehran
Due to increasing solid waste generation and their significant impacts on human health, environmental assessment of the management and disposal methods become more and more important. There are various disposal methods which are the combinations that originate from a wide range of solid waste management systems. In this study, municipal waste of Tehran (which totals to 7507.5 tons/day) is assessed according to five suggested scenarios. Life cycle assessment method was applied to compare the selected scenarios to select the most efficient solid waste management scenario in Tehran. Hence, the Eco-indicator 99 is utilized as the impact assessment method. The effects are evaluated in three categories including; effects on human health (organic substances, inorganic substances, climate change, ionizing radiation and ozone layer depletion), ecosystem quality (ecotoxic emissions, the combination of acidification & eutrophication and double coating) and resources (extraction of minerals and the fossil fuels). According to the results, scenario one leads to the most damage to the environment especially on the human health, whereas scenario four has the most positive impacts compared to the others. However, scenarios two and three are unsuitable due to their negative effects on human health. Although, scenario five shows positive results on the resources but again it has negative impacts on human health and ecosystem quality. Moreover, the most appropriate strategy in terms of land usage and energy consumption, again is scenario four (landfilling plus recycling and composting) is chosen as the most proper strategy.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47247_10610ca967d312bf0247dddffbd976a1.pdf
2017-05-01
207
218
10.22097/eeer.2017.47247
life cycle assessment
Municipal Waste
Landfilling
Composting
Recycling
Incineration
Farhad
Akhavan Limoodehi
1
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Masoud
Tayefeh
mtch_65@yahoo.com
2
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramezan
Heydari
3
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Abdoli
4
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abduli, M. A., Naghib, Gh. (2010). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of solid waste management strategies in Tehran: Landfill and composting plus landfill. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178(1-4): 487-498.
1
Al-Salem, S. M. and P. Lettieri (2009). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of municipal solid waste management in the state of Kuwait. European Journal of Scientific Research 34(3): 395-405.
2
Banar, M., Cokaygil, Z., (2009). Life cycle assessment of solid waste management options for Eskisehir, Turkey. Waste Management, 29(1): 54-62.
3
Björklund, A. and G. Finnveden (2005). Recycling revisited-life cycle comparisons of global warming impact and total energy use of waste management strategies. Resour Conserv Recycl, 44(2): 309-17.
4
Bovea, M. D., Ibáñez-Forés, V., Gallardo, A. and Colomer-Mendoza, F.J. (2010). Environmental assessment of alternative municipal solid waste management strategies. A Spanish case study. Waste Management, 30(11): 2383-2395.
5
Cherubini, F., Bargigli, S. and Ulgiati, S. (2009). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of waste management strategies: Landfilling, sorting plant and incineration. Energy, 34(12): 2116-2123.
6
Cleary, J. (2009). Life cycle assessments of municipal solid waste management systems: A comparative analysis of selected peer-reviewed literature. Environment International 35(8): 1256-1266.
7
Cleary, J. (2009). Life cycle assessments of municipal solid waste management systems: A comparative analysis of selected peer-reviewed literature. Environment International 35 1256 –1266
8
Cordella, M., Tugnoli, A., Santarelli, F. and Zangrando, T. (2008). LCA of an Italian lager beer. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13(2): 133-139.
9
Curran, M. A. (2004). The status of life-cycle assessment as an environmental management tool. Environmental Progress, 23(4): 277-283.
10
Denison, R. A. (1996). Environmental life-cycle comparisons of recycling, landfilling, and incineration: A review of recent studies. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 21(1): 191-237.
11
Hong, J., X. Li, et al. (2010). Life cycle assessment of four municipal solid waste management scenarios in China. Waste Management, 30(11): 2362-2369.
12
Hong, R. J. and Wang, G. F., (2006). Life cycle assessment of BMT-based integrated municipal solid waste management: Case study in Pudong, China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 49(2): 129-146.
13
ISO-14040 (2006). Environmental ManagementeLife Cycle AssessmentePrinciples and Framework. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
14
ISO-14042 (2000a). Environmental Management- Life Cycle Assessment- Life Cycle Impact Assessment. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
15
ISO-14043 (2000b). Environmental Management- Life Cycle Assessment- Life Cycle Interpretation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
16
ISO-14044 (2006). Environmental ManagementeLife Cycle AssessmenteRequirements and Guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
17
Koci, V. and Trecakova, T. (2011). Mixed municipal waste management in the Czech Republic from the point of view of the LCA method. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 16(2): 113-124.
18
Koroneos, C. J. and Nanaki, E. A. (2012). Integrated solid waste management and energy production - a life cycle assessment approach: the case study of the city of Thessaloniki. Journal of Cleaner Production 27(1): 141-150.
19
Tunesi, S. (2011). LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow. Waste Management, 31(3): 561-571.
20
Vahidi, H., Ghazban, F., Abduli, M.A., Vahed, D.K., Banaee, S.M.A., (2013). Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process disposal method selection for an industrial state; case study Charmshahr. The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, AJSE-D-12-00117R1,
21
Zand, A. D. and M. A. Abduli (2008). Current situation of used household batteries in Iran and appropriate management policies. Waste Management 28(11): 2085-2090.
22
Zhao, Y., Wang, H. T. (2009). Life-cycle assessment of the municipal solid waste management system in Hangzhou, China (EASEWASTE). Waste Management and Research 27(4): 399-406.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plants Based on Reuse Demand, Technical and Environmental Policies (A Case Study)
Reclamation and reuse programs are an indispensable part of integrated water resource management, particularly in arid and semi arid regions. Yet, the feasibility of sustainable application not only is relied on design, operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, but also could be influenced by the economical and environmental aspects of reuse demands. This study is aimed to illustrate different policies applicable for upgrading wastewater treatment plants with emphasize on nutrients management in the reclaimed water. For this purpose, 6 domestic wastewater treatment plants in Tehran were analyzed and discussed based on effluent characteristics and reuse demands. As a result, it was recommended that in a framework of demand based policy, and due to economical, practical and environmental limitations, Shahrake Ghods and Mahallati wastewater treatment plants should be upgraded with flexible operated tertiary units. To compare and select the most appropriate unit, the value function was defined and the attached growth based method was determined as a solution. Subsequently, to ensure the environmental protection, the implementation of floating plants treating surface waters, in association with assignment of dynamic trading discharge permit market in reuse program were suggested. Consequently, it was implied that all these solutions would simply be achieved through integrated water and wastewater management.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47248_915af70e3bbdcdbd5b87781c8c9ca586.pdf
2017-05-01
219
230
10.22097/eeer.2017.47248
Wastewater Treatment Plant
reclamation and reuse
irrigation demand
Tehran
Shervin
Jamshidi
1
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hossein
Niksokhan
niksokhan@ut.ac.ir
2
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdolghafoorian, A., Tajrishy, M. and Abrishamchi, A. (2011). Urban water management considering reclaimed wastewater and runoff as a new water resource for city of Tehran, Iran. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 4, 29-42 (In Persian).
1
Agrafioti, E. and Diamadopoulos, E. (2012). A strategic plan for reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation on the Island of Crete. Agricultural water management, 105, 57-64.
2
Akbarzadeh, A., Jamshidi, Sh. and Vakhshouri, M. (2013). Feasibility study of upgrading wastewater treatment plants using Vetiveria sp. Proceeding of the 3rd international conference on environmental planning and management, Tehran, Iran.
3
Al Khamisi, S., Prathapar, S. A. and Ahmed, M. (2013). Conjunctive use of reclaimed water and groundwater in crop rotations. Agricultural Water Management, 116, 228-234.
4
Anane, M., Bouziri, L., Limam, A. and Jellali, S. (2012). Ranking suitable sites for irrigation with reclaimed water in the Nabeul-Hammamet region (Tunisia) using GIS and AHP-multicriteria decision analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 65, 36-46.
5
Axelrad, G. and Feinerman, E. (2009). Regional Planning of Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation and River Rehabilitation, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60 (1), 105–131.
6
Badalians Gholikandi, G. and Khosravi, M. (2010). Evaluation of agriculture soil quality by treated wastewater reuse in arid regions: case study in sistan and baluchestan province, Iran. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 5(4), 392-406.
7
Boonsong, K. and Chansiri, M. (2008). Domestic wastewater treatment using Vetiver grass cultivated with floating platform technique. AU Journal of Technology, 12 (2), 73-80.
8
Chua, L., Tan, S. B. K., Sim, C. H. and Kumar Goyal, M. (2012). Treatment of baseflow from an urban catchment by a floating wetland system, Ecological Engineering, 49, 170-180.
9
Davies, E. G. R. and Simonovic, S. P. (2011). Global water resources modeling with an integrated model of the social–economic–environmental system. Advances in Water Resources, 34, 684-700.
10
Devi Prasad, A. G. and Siddaraju, (2012). Carlson’s trophic state index for the assessment of trophic status of two lakes in Mandya district. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(5), 2992-2996.
11
Eheart, J. W., ASCE, M. and Ling Ng, T. (2004). Role of Effluent Permit Trading in Total Maximum Daily Load Programs: Overview and Uncertainty and Reliability Implications. Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, 615-621.
12
Gerardi, M. H. (2002). Settleability problems and loss of solids in the activated sludge process. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
13
Haddad, M. and Mizyed, H. (2011). Evaluation of various hydroponic techniques as decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse systems. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 68(4), 461-476.
14
Hajkowicz, S. and Collins, K. (2007). A Review of Multiple Criteria Analysis for Water Resource Planning and Management, Water Resource Management, 21, 1553–1566.
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Heberling, M. T., Garcia, J. H. and Thurston, H. W. (2010). Does encouraging the use of wetlands in water quality trading programs make economic sense? Ecological Economics, 69, 1988-1994.
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Hidalgo, D., Irusta, R., Martinez, L., Fatta, D. and Papadopoulos, A. (2007). Development of a multi-function software decision support tool for the promotion of the safe reuse of treated urban wastewater. Desalination, 215, 90–103.
17
Hranova, R. (2010). Application of a system approach and optimisation of different alternatives in the practice of decentralised wastewater reuse. Civil engineering and environmental systems, 27(4), 281-294.
18
IRI Guideline (2010). Environmental criteria of treated wastewater and return flow reuse, No. 535, vice presidency for strategic planning and supervision.
19
Jamshidi, Sh. and Niksokhan, M. H. (2013). A novel management approach in design and operation of wastewater treatment plants emphasizing on reuse. Proceeding of the 3rd international conference on environmental planning and management, Tehran, Iran.
20
Kalbar, P., Karmakar, S. and Asolekar, S. (2012). Selection of an appropriate wastewater treatment technology: A scenario-based multiple-attribute decision-making approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 113, 158-169.
21
Kerachian, R., Fallahnia, M., Bazargan-Lari, M.R., Mansoori, A. and Sedghi, H. (2010). A fuzzy game theoretic approach for groundwater resources management: Application of rubinstein bargaining theory. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54, 673-682.
22
Mizyed, N. R. (2013). Challenges to treated wastewater reuse in arid and semi arid areas. Environmental science and policy, 25, 186-195.
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Molinos-Senante, M., Hernandez-Sancho, F. and Sala-Garrido, R. (2011). Cost-benefit analysis of water reuse projects for environmental purposes: a case study for Spanish wastewater treatment plants. Journal of environmental management, 92, 3091-3097.
24
Murray, A. and Ray, I. (2010). Wastewater for agriculture: A reuse-oriented planning model and its application in peri-urban China. Water Research, 44, 1667-1679.
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Nikoo, M. R., Kerachian, R., Niksokhan, M. H. and Beiglou, P. H. B. (2011). A Game Theoretic Model for Trading Pollution Discharge Permits in River Systems. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2(2), 162-166.
26
Niksokhan, M. H., Kerachian, R. and Amin, P. (2009). A stochastic conflict resolution model for trading pollutant discharge permits in river systems. Environmental Monitoring and assessment, 154, 219-232.
27
Ning, S. K. and Chang, N. B. (2007). Watershed-based point sources permitting strategy and dynamic permit-trading analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 84, 427-446.
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Ranga Prabodanie, R. A., Raffensperger, J. F. and Milke, M. W. (2010). A Pollution Offset System for Trading Non-Point Source Water Pollution Permits. Environmental and Resource Economics, 45, 499–515.
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Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Alarcòn, J. J., Koukoulakis, P. and Asano, T. (2010). Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture: review of some practices in Spain and Greece. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 1233-1241.
30
Ray, P. A., Kirshen, P. H. and Vogel, R. M. (2010). Integrated Optimization of a Dual Quality Water and Wastewater System. Journal of Water Resource Planning and Management, ASCE, 37-47.
31
Razeghi, N., Mansoori, R. and Roohani, P. (2013). Water Reuse. Roya Mansoori, 1st edition, Tehran, Iran (In Persian), 304 pages.
32
Ribaudo, M. O. and Gottlieb, J. (2011). Point-Nonpoint Trading – Can it Work? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 47(1), 5-14.
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Sa-nguanduan, N. and Nititvattananon, V. (2011). Strategic decision making for urban water reuse application: A case from Thailand. Desalination, 268, 141–149.
34
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse. 4th edition, Metcalf and Eddy Inc. McGraw-Hill Inc.
35
Tsadilas, D. C. and Vakalis, P. S. (2003). Economic benefit from irrigation of cotton and corn with treated wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 3, 223-229.
36
USEPA (2004). Guidelines for Water Reuse, EPA/625/R-04/108
37
USEPA (2007). Biological Nutrients Removal Processes and Costs. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/823/R-07/002.
38
WEF (2004). Upgrading and Retrofitting Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants. WEF Manual of Practice No. 28, Water Environmental Federation, McGraw-Hill.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preparation of SiO2/ZrO2 ceramic nanocomposite coating on Aluminum alloys as metallic part of the photovoltaic cells and study its corrosion behavior.
Nowadays due to water shortage, the use of air humidity as the sustainable solution has been considered by cities located in coastal zones; especially in warm and humid climate. However, the use of air humidity also has its own problems such as corrosion of metal parts in photovoltaic cells that used for energy supplying and they are often made of Aluminum alloy. Therefore different methods such as coating have been considered by the user of photovoltaic cells in corrosive conditions in order to reduce corrosion. So in this study, SiO2- ZrO2 ceramic nanocomposite coatings were put on AA2024-T4 Aluminum alloy by Sol-Gel method and dip-coating technique. The films with different compositions have been prepared and morphology and functional groups of samples have been specified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The corrosion behavior of the coatings was evaluated by polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement in 3.5 % NaCl. The results base on polarization and EIS showed that SiO2-ZrO2 ceramic nanocomposite coatings improved corrosion resistance properties of Aluminum alloy and film with 0.25ml Zirconium alkoxide shows the best corrosion resistance.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47249_b0bf6f17b072064789b5d41be486ce34.pdf
2017-05-01
231
238
10.22097/eeer.2017.47249
Sol-Gel
Nanocomposite
corrosion
Aluminum Alloy
Photovoltaic cell
Seyyed Behnam
Abdollahi Boraei
1
Department of Life science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Esmaeili Bidhendib
esmaeilib@ut.ac.ir
2
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Daryoush
Afzali
3
Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Jabran, K., Riaz, M., Hussain, M., Nasim, W., Zaman, U., Fahad, S. and Chauhan, B. S. (2017). Water-saving technologies affect the grain characteristics and recovery of fine-grain rice cultivars in semi-arid environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11.
1
Noman, A., Fahad, S., Aqeel, M., Ali, U., Anwar, S., Baloch, S. K., & Zainab, M. (2017). miRNAs: Major modulators for crop growth and development under abiotic stresses. Biotechnology Letters, 1-16.
2
Saud, S., Yajun, C., Fahad, S., Hussain, S., Na, L., Xin, L. and Alhussien, S. A. A. F. E. (2016). Silicate application increases the photosynthesis and its associated metabolic activities in Kentucky bluegrass under drought stress and post-drought recovery. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23(17), 17647-17655.
3
Shen, G.X., Chen, Y.C., Lin, L., Lin, C.J. and Scantlebury, D. (2005). Study on a hydrophobic nano-TiO2 coating and its properties for corrosion protection of metals. Electrochimica Acta, 50(25-26), 5083–5089.
4
Zhang, W., Liu, W. and Wang, C. (2003). Effects of solvents on the tribological behaviour of sol–gel Al2O3 films. Ceramics International, 29(4), 427-434.
5
Davtalab, R., Salamat, A. and Oji, R. (2013). Water harvesting from fog and air humidity in the warm and coastal regions in the south of Iran. Irrigation and drainage. 62(3), 281–288.
6
Wang, J. H., Zhang, T. Y., Dao, G. H., Xu, X. Q., Wang, X. X. and Hu, H. Y. (2017). Microalgae-based advanced municipal wastewater treatment for reuse in water bodies. Applied Microbiology andBiotechnology. 101(7), 2659-2675.
7
Hamed, A.M. (2000). Absorption–Regeneration Cycle for Production of Water from Air-theoretical Approach. Renewable Energy. 19(4), 625–635.
8
Gandhidasan, P. and Abualhamayel, H. I. (2010). Investigation of humidity harvest as an alternative water source in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Water and Environment Journal, 24 (4), 282-292.
9
Girja, S. (2006). Dew Harvest. Foundation Books in association with Centre for Environment Education, New Delhi, India.
10
Esfandyarnejad, A., Ahangar, R., Kaalian, R., Poorhatefi, M., Sangchooli, T. and Shafiei, R. (2009). Water harvesting from fog and air humidity in the coastal areas (Hormozgan case study). Research plan, Hormozgan regional water authority.
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Ma, S.L., Ma, D.Y., Guo, Y., Xu, B., Wu, G.Z., Xu, K.W. and Chu, P.K. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of super hard, self-lubricating Ti–Si–C–N nanocomposite coatings. Acta Materialia, 55(18), 6350–6355.
13
Zou, B., Huang, C. and Chen, M. (2009). Study on the mechanical properties, microstructure and oxidation resistance of Si3N4/Si3N4W/Ti(C7N3) nanocomposites ceramic tool materials. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 27(1), 52– 60.
14
Yu, Q., Ma, X., Wang, M., Yu, C. and Bai, T. (2008). Influence of embedded particles on microstructure, corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity of CuO/SiO2 and NiO/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings. Applied Surface Science, 254(16), 5089–5094.
15
Wang, L., Zhang, G., Wood, R.J.K., Wang, S.C. and Xue, Q. (2010). Fabrication of CrAlN nanocomposite films with high hardness and excellent anti-wear performance for gear application. Surface and Coatings Technology, 204(21-22), 3517–3524.
16
Zhong, X., Li, Q., Chen, B., Wang, J. Hu, J. and Hu, W. (2009). Effect of sintering temperature on corrosion properties of sol–gel based Al 2 O 3 coatings on pre-treated AZ91D magnesium alloy. Corrosion Science, 51(12), 2950-2958.
17
Malekmohammadi, F., Rouhaghdam, A. S. and Shahrabi, T. (2011). Effect of heat treatment on corrosion properties of mixed sol gel silica–titania (7–3) coating. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 357(3), 1141-1146.
18
Ruhi, G., Modi, O. P., Sinha, A. S. K. and Singh, I. B. (2008). Effect of sintering temperatures on corrosion and wear properties of sol–gel alumina coatings on surface pre-treated mild steel. Corrosion Science, 50(3), (2008) 639-649.
19
Salarvand, Z., Amirnasr, M., Talebian, M., Raeissi, K., and Meghdadi, S. (2017). Enhanced corrosion resistance of mild steel in 1M HCl solution by trace amount of 2-phenyl-benzothiazole derivatives: Experimental, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. Corrosion Science, 114, 133-145.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Green Schools based on Environmental, Health, Safety and Energy Strategy
Schools play a vital role in creating a greener future. They will likely be the first place most students encounter determined efforts to conserve energy and water or to reduce waste. The method used in this article is comparative and matching method, by using ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 50001 standards. Implementing energy management along with other standards is the main objective of present research for improvement of energy performance, energy efficiency, and energy conservation into HSE-MS to access sustainable development. According to the questionnaires form filled in over 100 schools in Tehran, about 56% of schools are in EMS/OHS status; in addition 48% of EMS/OHS legal support in schools is not satisfactory. This case study has attempted the Implementation of EHSE Strategy for Green schools. EHSE modeling will overarch strategic document and central to the future of the green schools. Matching requirements of the environment with energy, safety and health is the ultimate goal of this research.
https://www.eeer.ir/article_47250_859ab545ec5595965e046fc6d0fd6e12.pdf
2017-05-01
239
248
10.22097/eeer.2017.47250
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)–Environmental
Health
Safety and Energy Management System (EHSEMS) – Tehran- Green Schools
Hasan Ali
Ghafaria
1
Municipality of Tehran, Shahr-e-Salem Company, Resalat Highway, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdolreza
Karbassi
akarbasi@ut.ac.ir
2
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Rajabi
3
Department of the Environment, Center for Air and Climate Change, Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Assembly, U. G. (2015). Open Working Group proposal for sustainable development goals. A/68/970 (New York: United Nations, 2014), https://sustainabledevelopment. un. org/content/documents/1579SDGs% 20Proposal. pdf.
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Freeman, C. (1995). Planning and play: Creating greener environments. Children's environments, 381-388.
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Heras‐Saizarbitoria, I. and Boiral, O. (2013). ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: towards a research agenda on management system standards. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15, 47-65.
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Kates, R. W., Parris, T. M. and Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). What is sustainable development? Environment, 47, 8.
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Kelly, M. (2011). Towards a Risk Management Framework for Quality, Environmental and Health and Safety Management Systems in Regulated Environments.
7
Kerr, R., Mchugh, M. and Mccrory, M. (2009). HSE Management Standards and stress-related work outcomes. Occupational Medicine, 59, 574-579.
8
Kwan, S. Y., Petersen, P. E., Pine, C. M. and Borutta, A. (2005). Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health organization, 83, 677-685.
9
Macharia, W. N. (2014). Competitive strategy, organizational competencies coalignment, macro environment and performance of private middle level colleges in Nairobi county, Kenya. University of Nairobi.
10
Mckane, A. (2010). Thinking Globally: How ISO 50001-Energy Management can make industrial energy efficiency standard practice. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
11
MUNASINGHE, M. 2009. Sustainable development in practice, Cambridge University Press.
12
Padash, A., Khodaparast, M., Zahirian, A. and Nejadian, A. K. (2011). Green Sustainable Island by Implementation of Environmental, Health, Safety and Energy Strategy in KISH Trading-Industrial Free Zones-Iran. Irán, Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Sana" ati Sharif Jahad Daneshgahi.
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Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society. J. Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society, 356.
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Roseland, M. (2000). Sustainable community development: integrating environmental, economic, and social objectives. Progress in planning, 54, 73-132.
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Rößler, R. and Schlieter, H. (2015). Towards Model-based Integration of Management Systems. Wirtschaftsinformatik, 31-45.
16
Sachs, J. D. (2012). From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 379, 2206-2211.
17
Tang, Q. (2015). Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. UN Chronicle, 51, 11-12.
18
Teddlie, C. and Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences, Sage Publications Inc.
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Tehrani, S., Karbassi, A., Monavari, S. and Mirbagheri, S. (2010). Role of E-shopping management strategy in urban environment. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4, 681-690.
20
Zeng, S., Shi, J. J. and Lou, G. (2007). A synergetic model for implementing an integrated management system: an empirical study in China. Journal of cleaner production, 15, 1760-1767.
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Zeng, S., Tam, V. W. and Tam, C. M. (2008). Towards occupational health and safety systems in the construction industry of China. Safety science, 46, 1155-1168.
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