Environmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49884420201101Investigation of Non-Linear Impacts of Factors Affecting Greenhouse Gas Emissions25026111837110.22097/eeer.2020.220667.1142ENSeyed Ehsan HosseinidoustFaculty of Economics and Social Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran0000-0001-7199-8734Mohsen KhezriFaculty of Economics and Social Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranAsma ShiriFaculty of Economics and Social Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranJournal Article20200220The link between economic growth and environmental pollution has been extensively and statistically analyzed over the past two decades. The present study investigates the nonlinear effects of variables affecting greenhouse gas emissions. To this aim, a Time Varying Parameters Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) model has developed using annual data which covers period of 1972-2018. Moreover, the associated Impulse Response Function (IRF) of the selected influential variables such as GDP (oil, without oil) and electricity consumption on the greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide) are computed. Findings revealed the nonlinear impact of GDP on the greenhouse gas emission, so that until 2002 it had a positive effect on reducing greenhouse gas emission but from 2002 onwards it had a negative effect and led to escalate the greenhouse gas expansion. In addition, the positive shock of electricity consumption and GDP (without oil) on greenhouse gas emissions during the entire period was positive. Furthermore, the emission of greenhouse gas on itself is positive throughout the study period and in some years this effect has increased.https://www.eeer.ir/article_118371_b5d18e62bd9f6964f75d4ddebbab9f7e.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49884420201101Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring based on Stations of Environmental Pollutants (Air, Water and Soil) in Tehran26327911837210.22097/eeer.2020.212750.1128ENMohammadreza HaghparastFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSeyed Alireza Haji Seyed Mirza HosseiniFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranNabiollah MansouriFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJamal GhodousiFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20191221This research is conducted with an aim of locating the monitoring stations of environmental pollutants (air, water and soil) and monitoring management of such pollutants in Tehran. Given the nature of the research and the factors and elements investigated in this study, the research method is in the line of descriptive-analytical studies, and in terms of objective, this is an applied-developmental research. In summary, the specific and practical purposes of this research include; determining the factors, criteria and sub-criteria associated with monitoring of environmental pollutants (air, water and soil), prioritizing and ranking the criteria and sub-criteria of indicators with a specific logic, and providing a pattern for management on monitoring of environmental pollutants in Tehran. ArcGis software was applied for data analysis and providing digital and basic maps. Analytic network process (ANP) was used for weighting the indicators studied in the research and the fuzzy logic model was used for data analysis and overlapping. According to the table of verbal and numerical scales based on hourly method, a pairwise comparison was performed between air, water and soil environments based on importance and preference and the data were imported into the Super-Decision software. According to the output of this software, the air weight of 673, water weight of 226, and soil weight of 101 were obtained, respectively. As a result, this output showed us that air is ranked first, water is ranked second, and soil is ranked third, in terms of importance. From the results and prepared (weighted) maps and also in response to the research hypotheses, it was found that some of the available stations are not properly located. Finally, the location of monitoring stations was presented in four classes of very desirable, desirable, relatively desirable, and undesirable. https://www.eeer.ir/article_118372_131bfb0b1fefbcd4d055873e47825391.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49884420201101A Fuzzy Outranking Model to Assess the Effects of Energy-Intensive Infrastructures on Wildlife Habitats (Case Study: Markazi Province)28129311837310.22097/eeer.2020.227579.1154ENMasumeh AhmadipariSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranHasan HoveidiSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMorteza GhobadiFaculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, IranJournal Article20200418Environmental impact assessment of energy-intensive infrastructure is one of the vital challenges of industrial areas in Iran. This study presents application of PROMETHEE II in combination with Fuzzy ANP, as a decision method to evaluate ecological impacts of energy-intensive infrastructures on wildlife habitat in Markazi province. To this purpose, the effects organized into four categories including quality, geomorphology, landscape, and biodiversity. The assessment carried out for three energy-intensive industry groups including metals industries (first group), chemical industries (second group), non-metallic mineral industries (third group). Analyzing the different scenarios for the proposed method drew using GAIA in Visual PROMETHEE®. The results showed that quality factors played an important role of 0.431 compared to biodiversity of 0.328, landscape of 0.152 and geomorphology of 0.089. The results also showed that chemical industries generated major impacts compared to metals and non-metallic mineral industries. Chemical industries had the most effects with a score of 0.4423. In contrast, non-metallic mineral industries had the lowest effects with a score of -0.6476. The results of GAIA curves and impacts analysis also indicated that the efficiency of the proposed tool in the rapid assessment of effects.https://www.eeer.ir/article_118373_afd19996bc2f13ea6500d3491fd64c8d.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49884420201101Explaining Relationship between Carbon Footprint and Economic Growth with Emphasis on Welfare Index: Evidence from Panel Data for OPEC Countries29530811837510.22097/eeer.2020.242452.1165ENAbolfazl MohajeriFaculty of Management, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranSeyyed Abbas NajafizadehFaculty of Management, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranAhmad SarlakFaculty of Management, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranJournal Article20200804Considering oil-rich status of OPEC member countries, abundance of energy resource and its low cost, environmental quality is at low level due to production and extraction of energy resources. Iran is also a part of this collection, thus, the higher greenhouse gas emission in these countries makes more problems for the human beings and other creatures and control, and observation of standards in this regard becomes more important than ever. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth with emphasis on the social welfare index of OPEC member countries. To this end, the data of OPEC member countries from 2000 to 2014 were analyzed using the data panel approach. The results showed that CO2 emissions have a positive and significant relationship with the economic growth of OPEC member countries, which means that the higher the CO2 emissions, the higher the nominal growth. However, when the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth is calculated by emphasizing the welfare index, it shows that this effect is declining. It means that the effect of pollution on declining welfare ultimately reduces the rate of economic growth. Give. Therefore, countries should take a constructive step in improving economic growth and reducing pollution by improving the quality of the environment and creating a suitable foundation for realization of this goal, because one of the main goals of societies and governments is to improve the welfare of society.https://www.eeer.ir/article_118375_3beb908af494b93a8e1345fd3d93d10c.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49884420201101Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soils of Tehran Province, Iran30932011837610.22097/eeer.2020.226391.1152ENFatemeh AkbarpourSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSaeid GitipourSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMajid BaghdadiSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranNaser MehrdadiSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200411Health risk assessment for heavy metals is a suitable technique to environmental planning. Accordingly, soil samples were obtained from three contaminated sites of Tehran Province, Iran. The heavy metals determined by ICP-AES, then health risks calculated for adults and children. The hazard quotient and hazard index values for all heavy metals and pathways were below a safe level in site 1, and all inhabitants were not at non-carcinogenic risk. The HQ of the ingestion pathway in adults and children for site 2 and site 3 were in the following order: Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn. As for adults and children in the three pathways, the HQ values for Pb, Cu and Zn were less than one, meaning that both the adults and children were not at non-carcinogenic risk. The HQ of the ingestion in adults, similarly, HQ of the ingestion and dermal in children for Cd were greater than 1 in 2 and 3 sites, meaning that the Cd was hazard for adults and children. The cancer risk has been calculated based on Pb and Cd. The US Environmental Protection Agency considers acceptable cancer risk within the range of 1×10−6 to 1×10−4. Though insignificant in its values, carcinogenic risk for adults in site 1 (2.722×10-4), site 2 (6.67×10-4) and site 3 (9.4444×10-4) and for children on site 1 (5.5×10-4), site 2 (2.203×10-2) and site 3 (1.94×10-3) have been higher than the acceptable values. Hence, the cancer risk for children were more than adults.https://www.eeer.ir/article_118376_003177ad72604a7ebf45b1d68c1be35d.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49884420201101Supply Chain Network Design integrating Economic, Risk and Energy Sustainability32133211837710.22097/eeer.2020.239168.1163ENReihaneh NaderiFaculty of Economics, Management and Administration Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, IranMohsen Shafiei NikabadiFaculty of Economics, Management and Administration Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, IranAkbar Alem TabrizFaculty of Management and Accounting, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranMir Saman PishvaeeSchool of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200712Supply chains and economic systems have an important role in environmental issues and energy sustainability. Energy is a key factor of all economic systems and has a large environmental impact, therefore its affordable consumption is very important to have a sustainable supply chains and sustainable future. This paper provides a new formulation of supply chain network design by integration of thermodynamic rules about available or useful energy and econometric coefficients and also risk factor in supply chain. The purpose of this integration is to achieve a sustainable supply chain modeling in both fields of available energy and total costs that can guarantees both return of the investments and useful energy in the economic systems. In order to solve the proposed model, augmented ε-constraint method is used and numerical examples are discussed and the results illustrate that the proposed model admitted various progresses in minimizing consumed available energy along with the total costs and risk factor in the proposed model. Also results show that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and two of the econometric coefficients generally pointed out as “alpha” and “beta” play a significant role in the amount of consumed available energy and energy sustainability in the supply chain.https://www.eeer.ir/article_118377_6aac2acbcd2bdea511b0ca1bbbdc2771.pdf