Environmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49886120220201Optimization and Analysis of Central bank Losses for Oil Exporting Economy, Application of DSGE Model (Case study of Iranian Economy)11413880410.22097/eeer.2021.295841.1208ENMarzieh Asadi Asad AbadFaculty of Management, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranSeyyed Abbas NajafizadehFaculty of Management, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranBaytollh Akbari MoghaddamQazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, IranJournal Article20210719One of the most important macroeconomic challenges has always been creating and implementing an economic policy, and it continues to be a key element of planner's decisions. The importance of the time difference between the design process of a policy and the time of its implementation is important in the decision-making process of the economic planner because if the designed policy changes for various reasons during the implementation stage, the policymaker will be forced to revise the original design. This study emphasizes the teachings of New Keynesian economics school by designing a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model appropriate to the situation in the country, which looks at household, oil, non-oil, import, final producer, and government sectors, after performing linearization process reviews and evaluating the optimal monetary policy, plus considering the central bank's losses. By adopting the optimal discretionary and Ramsey monetary policy approaches, relying on the importance of the weight of inflation, the results show that the understudy variables (non-oil real GDP, GDP, consumption, and inflation) would experience higher volatility in the case of adopting the discretionary policy. Therefore, the Ramsey monetary policy is a better option to control inflation volatility. Nevertheless, the present study findings on the losses by the central bank indicates less loss in the case of adopting optimal Ramsey policy compared to the discretionary policy.https://www.eeer.ir/article_138804_6eb83d52ad7f11041b2e0e6a5e344124.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49886120220201A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Sustainable Energy Prioritization11913880510.22097/eeer.2021.292613.1207ENMohsen RezaeiDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, IranJournal Article20210628Iran’s economy is highly dependent on energy exports and applying renewable energy (RE) resources is vital to optimize consumption function. The country has a high potential of REs, however, they have been long neglected because of several reasons including abundant natural gas and oil reserves. This study introduces and evaluates main plausible RE resources for the future of sustainable development in Iran. The goal is to investigate and rank Iran’s main RE sources (biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar PV, and wind). Criteria like technical, economic, environmental, and social are identified and subsequently used for evaluations. A new hybrid MCDM model based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) methods is adopted to identify and select the main RE resource. The results indicate that solar PV possess the highest priority, while the economic criterion is the most effective to be considered. The results can help the decision-makers in the field of energy for more accurate planning and strategic management.https://www.eeer.ir/article_138805_5b2ef06992740b50db6f63067240e14c.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49886120220201Effects of the Environmental Cost of Electricity Generation, Considering the LCOE Model11113880610.22097/eeer.2021.298751.1213ENSeyedeh Mahsa Mousavi ReinehFaculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranHossein YousefiFaculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6372-5127Journal Article20210807The role of natural resources in human life shows that human society is dependent on nature. Climate change is increasing our worries about water shortage. In addition to water supply in today's growing societies, energy provision and the consequences of their extraction are significant. The current study aimed to calculate the environmental costs of electricity generation and to analyze the impact of environmental costs on the price of electricity generation. The quantity of virtual water per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated from thermal power plants and renewable energies was calculated. Afterward, the quantity of particulate matter and greenhouse gases emitted from thermal power plants were determined. Within the final section, the price of electricity was computed by implementing the LCOE model under two different circumstances. The results reveal that the environmental costs of electricity generation affect the final price of electricity. Environmental costs of electricity generation, including the cost of fossil fuel, emissions, and virtual water costs in the steam turbine, gas turbine, and CCGT power plants are 3.03, 2.44, and 1.24 cent per kWh, respectively. The external cost of renewable energy is negligible. In alternative words, electricity from wind and photovoltaic keeps more than 10 million tons of particulate matter and greenhouse gases from emitting into the atmosphere each yearhttps://www.eeer.ir/article_138806_6704e6ddcf2722b31c234f0508a2a99e.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49886120220201Investigating Greenhouse Gas (CO2) Emission and Performance of Drone in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems11713964110.22097/eeer.2021.301978.1217ENEhsan RashidzadehDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Seyyed Mohammad Hadji MolanaDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranRoya SoltaniDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran.Ashkan HafezalkotobDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210828The benefits of using eco-friendly technologies along with their efficiency for EMS systems have caused to address the importance of drones in terms of performance and environmental aspects. In this study, by considering the applications of drone capability such as fast delivery along with a focus on the energy consumption of drone, a new bi-objective mathematical model of location-allocation problem of EMS systems is presented. In the first objective function, the impact of drone to maximize the expected survival of patients is investigated and in the second one, the minimization of CO2 emission of drone utilization in EMS systems is considered which is the most documented and well-known greenhouse gas often used to calculate pollution and energy impacts. The importance of patient’s lives in comparison with the associated reduction of carbon emission has caused to be solved the model by a preemptive fuzzy goal programming approach to measure the achievement degree of objectives. By using data and obtained results from a similar study, the model is evaluated to show the applicability and benefits of drones in healthcare service and environmental aspects. The results show that drone utilization in comparison with regular ambulance vehicles can save more lives as well as emit less CO2. The results strongly support the notion that using drones for EMS systems is not only efficient but also is environmentally friendly.https://www.eeer.ir/article_139641_df83bf4e23de6698a5b487b7dce378a2.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49886120220201The Impact of Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste11014075710.22097/eeer.2021.297669.1212ENReza GhasemzadehSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMohammad Ali AbdoliSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranOmid Bozorg HaddadFaculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMaryam PazokiSchool of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210731A significant portion of the produced Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is organic materials, especially in developing countries. Most MSW management problems are pertinent to the Organic Fraction of the Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW). In this experimental investigation, the impact of the hydrochar produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) at different temperatures on Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of Tehran's OFMSW has been investigated. The parameters including the amount of Volatile Matter (VM), Fixed Carbon (FC), ash content, hydrochar yield, heating value, and energy yield, elemental analysis, proximate analysis, and biomethane production results were employed to examine how and why hydrochars are effective. The impact of the hydrochars produced at 150, 190, and 230°C on AD was analyzed for the OFMSW. In the hydrothermal carbonization process, the hydrochar yield declined as temperature increased while the energy yield in hydrochar-190 reached its maximum thanks to increased heating value. The impact of hydrochar on biomethane production content varied. In the hydrochars produced at 150 and 190 °C, biomethane production was increased 35.88% and 47.33%, respectively, which was due to the destruction of the hard structure of the OFMSW. However, due to the production of the inhibitors, such as phenol and furfural, in the HTC process, the biomethane production of hydrochar-230 declined by 29%. The effect of the hydrothermal carbonization on AD under the optimum condition included an increase in biomethane production and a reduction in the retention time in biomethane production.https://www.eeer.ir/article_140757_59eb4050989d1b5c3651707c6586ba46.pdfEnvironmental Energy and Economic ResearchEnvironmental Energy and Economic Research2538-49886120220201Global Trends of VOSviewer Research, Emphasizing Environment and Energy Areas: A Bibliometric Analysis During 2000-202011113964210.22097/eeer.2021.301784.1216ENAmir Mostafa HatamiDepartment of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IranMohammad Reza SabourDepartment of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3606-3762Mohammad Reza Haj BabaeiDepartment of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8757-2292Hossein NematollahiDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210827Although the bibliometric method has been widely used in a large number of sciences, no bibliometric study has been presented on the VOSviewer application as the most prominent software in this area. This study aimed to achieve a bibliometric analysis of research using VOSviewer, emphasizing “environment” and “energy” areas. Various features, including language, chronological trends, source types, subject categories, countries, source titles, affiliations, authors, and author keywords were systematically investigated. The countries’ cooperation, authors’ collaborations based on citations, the author keywords’ occurrences were constructed, visualized, and assessed through the VOSviewer. The study indicated that the number of VOSviewer-related publications has grown significantly. More than 97% of the total publication were journal articles and conference papers, while all publications in the mentioned fields have been in the form of articles. China was the leading country in publications, followed by Spain, Brazil, Italy, and the UK. As well, the USA and Spain had a large number of cooperation with other countries. Li, J., and Li, H. from China were the most cited authors. “Energy”, and “Environmental Science” were widely used areas in the most productive journals, as “Sustainability” published the most VOSviewer articles, followed by “International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health” and “Journal of Cleaner Production”. Among the author keywords, “sustainability”, “sustainable development”, and “circular economy” could be recognized. Based on database comparison, the number of publications using the “Web of Science” database is higher than “Scopus”. However, the increase of articles published in the “Scopus” database is more.https://www.eeer.ir/article_139642_06a9e6178fd661d0b03cda1ce215eb27.pdf