Assessment and Deployment of Ground Source Heat Pump for Air Pollution Reduction in Tehran, Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Renewable Energy and Environment, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 School of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The use of renewable energies, especially in metropolises has led to a reduction in environmental pollution and greater access to clean, renewable and sustainable energy. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a national plan adopted by the Tehran city council for reducing air pollutions. This plan is designed to increase the share of renewable energies in residential buildings. This study assumes that the extended renewable share is supplied by ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. The number of Residential Building Permits (RBPs) issued by the city government is predicted in the next five years. Then the effects of using GSHPs on the amount of consumed electricity power and Gas are estimated by considering the policies intended for using GSHPs in Tehran. Finally, the reduction amount of air pollutants is calculated by considering the obtained results from the previous step. The reduction in gas consumption is estimated to be 4,810,848 m3. As a result of this reduction, 9429 tons of CO2, 201 kg of SOx, and 10 tons of NOx are prevented from releasing into the atmosphere. The increased amount of electricity power from running GSHPs in the residential buildings is predicted to be 11,182,543 kWh. The natural gas consumption savings is nearly 50% regarding using combined cycle power plants to generate electricity. The results demonstrated that the plan leads to decrease the emission of CO2 and SOx, and increases in NOx emissions when the excess electricity is supplied by the steam turbine, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants.

Keywords


 Afshar, A. and Saadatpour, M. (2009). Reservoir eutrophication modeling, sensitivity analysis, and assessment: application to Karkheh Reservoir, Iran. Environmental engineering science, 26(7), 1227-1238.
Bayer, P., Saner, D., Bolay, S., Rybach, L. and Blum, P. (2012). Greenhouse gas emission savings of ground source heat pump systems in Europe: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(2), 1256-1267.
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., Kulesza, R. J., Doty, R. L., D'Angiulli, A. and Torres-Jardón, R. (2015). Megacities air pollution problems: Mexico City Metropolitan Area critical issues on the central nervous system pediatric impact. Environmental research, 137, 157-169.
Emmi, G., Zarrella, A., De Carli, M. and Galgaro, A. (2015). An analysis of solar assisted ground source heat pumps in cold climates. Energy Conversion and Management, 106, 660-675.
Eshraghi, J., Narjabadifam, N., Mirkhani, N., Khosroshahi, S. S. and Ashjaee, M. (2014). A comprehensive feasibility study of applying solar energy to design a zero energy building for a typical home in Tehran. Energy and Buildings, 72, 329-339.
Ghaebi, H., Bahadori, M. and Saidi, M. (2014). Performance analysis and parametric study of thermal energy storage in an aquifer coupled with a heat pump and solar collectors, for a residential complex in Tehran, Iran. Applied Thermal Engineering, 62(1), 156-170.
Ghiaseddin, M. (2007). Air Pollution (Sources, Effects, and Control). University of Tehran Press (UTP), 916.
Hesaraki, A., Holmberg, S. and Haghighat, F. (2015). Seasonal thermal energy storage with heat pumps and low temperatures in building projects—A comparative review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 1199-1213.
Huang, B. and Mauerhofer, V. (2016). Life cycle sustainability assessment of ground source heat pump in Shanghai, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 119, 207-214.
Jiang, P., Chen, Y., Geng, Y., Dong, W., Xue, B., Xu, B. and Li, W. (2013). Analysis of the co-benefits of climate change mitigation and air pollution reduction in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 58, 130-137.
Kagel, A. and Gawell, K. (2005). Promoting geothermal energy: air emissions comparison and externality analysis. The Electricity Journal, 18(7), 90-99.
Keleş, S. and Bilgen, S. (2012). Renewable energy sources in Turkey for climate change mitigation and energy sustainability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 5199-5206.
Kharseh, M., Altorkmany, L., Al-Khawaja, M. and Hassani, F. (2015). Analysis of the effect of global climate change on ground source heat pump systems in different climate categories. Renewable energy, 78, 219-225.
Kim, J., Jang, J. C., Kang, E. C., Chang, K. C., Lee, E. J. and Kim, Y. (2013). Verification study of a GSHP system Manufacturer data based modeling. Renewable energy, 54, 55-62.
Koroneos, C. J. and Nanaki, E. A. (2017). Environmental impact assessment of a ground source heat pump system in Greece. Geothermics, 65, 1-9.
Liu, Z., Xu, W., Zhai, X., Qian, C. and Chen, X. (2017). Feasibility and performance study of the hybrid ground-source heat pump system for one office building in Chinese heating dominated areas. Renewable energy, 101, 1131-1140.
Majuri, P. (2016). Ground source heat pumps and environmental policy–The Finnish practitioner's point of view. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 740-749.
Mansouri, N. (2012). Environmental Pollution (Air, Water and Wastewater, Solid Waste and Noise). Aradbook Press, 468.
Ministry-of-Energy. (2014). Iranian Energy Balance Report of 2012-2013. Retrieved from Tehran: http://www.moe.gov.ir
Naili, N., Hazami, M., Attar, I. and Farhat, A. (2016). Assessment of surface geothermal energy for air conditioning in northern Tunisia: Direct test and deployment of ground source heat pump system. Energy and Buildings, 111, 207-217.
National-Iranian-Gas-Company. (2015). Introduction to natural gas.
Nazari, S., Sohrabi-Kashani, A., Davari, S. and Delavar-Moghaddam, Z. (2009). Determination of CO2, SOx, and NOx Emission Factors in Iran’s Thermal Power Plants Comparing with North American Countries. Iranian Journal of Energy, 12(3), 25-36.
Noorollahi, Y., Bigdelou, P., Pourfayaz, F. and Yousefi, H. (2016). Numerical modeling and economic analysis of a ground source heat pump for supplying energy for a greenhouse in Alborz province, Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production.
Noorollahi, Y., Itoi, R., Fujii, H., Tanaka, T. and Motooka, N.-k. (2007). Geothermal resources exploration and wellsite selection with environmental consideration using GIS in Sabalan geothermal area, Iran. Paper presented at the Proceedings, Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January.
Noorollahi, Y., Yousefi, H. and Farabi, H. (2013). Estimating the reduction of CO2 emissions through exploiting GSHP in the residential stock of Tehran. Paper presented at the 7th National Conference on World Environment, Tehran, Iran.
Rey, F., Martin-Gil, J., Velasco, E., Pérez, D., Varela, F., Palomar, J. and Dorado, M. (2004). Life cycle assessment and external environmental cost analysis of heat pumps. Environmental engineering science, 21(5), 591-605.
Sari, D. and Bayram, A. (2014). Quantification of emissions from domestic heating in residential areas of İzmir, Turkey and assessment of the impact on local/regional air-quality. Science of the Total Environment, 488, 429-436.
Tehran-Municipality. (2014). 2nd five-year development plan (2014-2018). Retrieved from Tehran:
Yang, W., Zhou, J., Xu, W. and Zhang, G. (2010). Current status of ground-source heat pumps in China. Energy Policy, 38(1), 323-332.
Zhai, X., Cheng, X. and Wang, R. (2016). Heating and cooling performance of a minitype ground source heat pump system. Applied Thermal Engineering.
Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Wei, H., Jing, J., Zhou, X. and Zhang, X. (2016). Field testing and performance analyses of ground source heat pump systems for residential applications in Hot Summer and Cold Winter area in China. Energy and Buildings, 133, 615-627.